职业行为准则

规则3.4 .对对方和澳门赌场官网的公平

澳门赌场官网不得:
   (a)阻碍另一方当事人取得证据或改变, 摧毁, 或者隐瞒证据, 或建议或协助他人这样做, if the lawyer reasonably should know that the evidence is or may be the subject of discovery or subpoena in any pending or imminent proceeding. 除非法律禁止, 澳门赌场官网可以从委托人或其他人那里获得任何实物证据. 澳门赌场官网收到的证据属于委托人以外的人的, 澳门赌场官网应当尽力保全并返还给所有人, 受规则1约束.6;
   (b)伪造证据, 劝说或协助证人作伪证, 或者对证人提供法律禁止的引诱;
   (c) Knowingly disobey an obligation under the rules of a tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that no valid obligation exists;
   (d)审前程序, make a frivolous discovery request or fail to make reasonably diligent efforts to comply with a legally proper discovery request by an opposing party;
   (e)审判中, allude to any matter that the lawyer does not reasonably believe is relevant or that will not be supported by admissible evidence, 除非作为证人作证，否则坚持个人对争议事实的了解, 或者陈述个人对一项事业的正义性的看法, 证人的可信度, 民事诉讼当事人的罪责, 或被告有罪或无罪;
   (f) Request a person other than a client to refrain from voluntarily giving relevant information to another party unless:

      (1) The person is a relative or an employee or other agent of a client; and
      (2) The lawyer reasonably believes that the person’s interests will not be adversely affected by refraining from giving such information; or
   (g)不得以法律禁止的任何理由强行打击陪审员.

评论

   [1] The procedure of the adversary system contemplates that the evidence in a case is to be marshaled competitively by the contending parties. Fair competition in the adversary system is secured by prohibitions against 破坏 或隐藏 of evidence, 不正当地影响证人, 发现程序中的阻碍策略, 诸如此类.
   [2]文件和其他证据通常是建立索赔或辩护的必要条件. 根据证据特权, 反对党的权利, 包括政府, 通过开示或传讯取得证据是一项重要的程序性权利. 如果相关材料被改变，该权利的行使可能会受到阻碍, 隐藏, 或销毁. 在某种程度上，客户参与了遵守发现请求的努力, the lawyer’s obligations are to pursue reasonable efforts to assure that documents and other information subject to proper discovery requests are produced. Applicable law in many jurisdictions makes it an offense to 摧毁 material for purpose of impairing its availability in a pending proceeding or a proceeding whose commencement can be foreseen. 伪造证据通常也是一种刑事犯罪. (a)款一般适用于证据材料，包括计算机信息.
   [3]第(a)段允许, 但不要求, the lawyer to accept physical evidence (including the instruments or proceeds of crime) from the client or any other person. 该收据为, 如(a)段所述, subject to other provisions of law and the limitations imposed by paragraph (a) with respect to obstruction of access, 变更, 破坏, 或隐藏, and subject also to the requirements of paragraph (a) with respect to return of property to its rightful owner, 以及遵守传票和取证要求的义务. The term “evidence” includes any document or physical object that the lawyer reasonably should know may be the subject of discovery or subpoena in any pending or imminent litigation. 看到 D.C. 澳门赌场官网公会法律道德委员会意见第1号. 119 (test is whether 破坏 of document is directed at concrete litigation that is either pending or almost certain to be filed).
   [4] A lawyer should ascertain that the lawyer’s handling of documents or other physical objects does not violate any other law. Federal criminal law may forbid the 破坏 of documents or other physical objects in circumstances not covered by the ethical rule set forth in paragraph (a). 看,e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 1503 (obstruction of justice); 18 U.S.C. § 1505 (obstruction of proceedings before departments, agencies, and committees); 18 U.S.C. 第1510条(妨碍刑事调查). And it is a crime in the District of Columbia for one who knows or has reason to know that an official proceeding has begun or is likely to be instituted to alter, 摧毁, 或隐瞒文件，意图损害其完整性或在诉讼中使用的可用性. D.C. 法典§22-723 (2001). 最后, some discovery rules having the force of law may prohibit the 破坏 of documents and other material even if litigation is not pending or imminent. 本规则并未规定澳门赌场官网在所有适用法律下的责任范围. 它只是赋予澳门赌场官网一种道德义务，即作出合理的努力，充分遵守这些法律. (a)款的规定禁止澳门赌场官网妨碍另一方取得证据, 从改变, 破坏, 或者隐瞒证据. 这些禁令可能与刑事妨碍规定和民事证据开示规则重叠, 但无论被禁止的行为是否违反刑事规定或法院规则，它们都适用. 因此, 澳门赌场官网对证据的篡改, 该行为是否违反刑法或法院规则, 构成违反(a)款的行为.
   [5]由于规则1规定的保密义务.6, the lawyer is generally forbidden to volunteer information about physical evidence received from a client without the client’s informed consent. 在某些情况下, the 纪律大澳门赌场官网办公室 will accept physical evidence from a lawyer and then turn it over to the appropriate persons; in those cases this procedure is usually the best means of delivering evidence to the proper authorities without disclosing the client’s confidences. 然而, Disciplinary Counsel may refuse to accept evidence; thus lawyers should keep the following in mind before accepting evidence from a client, and should discuss with Disciplinary Counsel’s office the procedures that may be employed in particular circumstances.
   [6]第一, if the evidence received from the client is subpoenaed or otherwise requested through the discovery process while held by the lawyer, 澳门赌场官网有义务将证据直接交给适当的人, 除非有理由反对发现请求或撤销传票. A lawyer should therefore advise the client of the risk that evidence may be subject to subpoena or discovery, 以及澳门赌场官网在案件中交出证据的责任, 在从客户那里接受它之前.
   [7]第二, 如果澳门赌场官网收到了属于委托人的物证, 为了检查或测试的目的, 澳门赌场官网随后可根据规则1将财产归还委托人.只要证据没有被传讯. The lawyer may not be justified in returning to a client physical evidence the possession of which by the client would be 本身 非法的非法的，如某些毒品和武器. 如果证据明显不属于当事人的财产, 澳门赌场官网不得保留证据或者退还委托人. 而不是, 澳门赌场官网必须, 根据(a)段, 尽最大的努力把证据还给它的主人. 规则3.第4(a)条使此义务受规则1的约束.6. 规则1.6(c), (d)及(e)描述澳门赌场官网可在何种情况下披露受规则1保护的资料.6. 如果存在这种情况, 澳门赌场官网可以, 但不是必须的, 披露受规则1保护的信息.作为善意努力的一部分，根据规则3保存证据并将其归还给所有人.4(a).
   [8]关于(b)款, it is not improper to pay a witness’s expenses or to compensate a witness for loss of time in preparing to testify, 在参加, 或者在作证时. A fee for the services of a witness who will be proffered as an expert may be made contingent on the outcome of the litigation, 提供, 然而, 这就是费用, 但前提是恢复, 不应是回收的百分比.
   [9] Paragraph (f) permits a lawyer to advise employees of a client to refrain from giving information to another party, 因为员工可能会将自己的利益与客户的利益相一致. 另请参阅 规则4.2.
   [10] Paragraph (g) prohibits any lawyer from exercising peremptory challenges to prospective jurors on any impermissible ground. 不允许的理由包括种族, 性, and other factors that have been determined in binding judicial decisions to be discriminatory in jury selection.